Evaluating training programmes within the textile industry context of Bangladesh: A grounded theory of conditions, processes and consequences

Abstract

Organisations invest heavily in training, yet evaluation models such as Kirkpatrick's have been criticised for oversimplifying causal links and for paying little attention to context, particularly outside Western settings. This study develops a substantive theory of training programmes evaluation in the textile industry of Bangladesh. Using Straussian grounded theory, we conducted 40 in depth interviews with managers and training providers from 20 textile firms, supplemented by field notes and company documents. Iterative open, axial and selective coding of the data produced 587 initial codes, 126 sub-categories and 15 categories. The resulting model identifies two causal conditions (training needs assessment and the validity of training objectives), six evaluation domains (trainee reaction, learning, productivity, performance, commitment, and creativity), six evaluation processes (feedback, testing, productivity ratios, performance appraisal, monitoring, and creativity workshops), and one intervening condition comprising individual differences, work climate, and organisational culture. Four consequences of evaluation complete the paradigm. The study extends level based evaluation models by integrating antecedents, contextual influences and broader outcome domains, and it contributes evidence from a developing country setting. The findings reflect managerial and training provider perspectives in one sector and country, and the proposed theory requires testing in other contexts. The model offers textile managers and trainers a structured basis for designing and interpreting training programmes evaluation.